Part I

2. The Boundary Computation: What a Physical Edge Would Actually Require

If a sceptic insists space could still terminate at a physical shell, not at incoherent non-being, the requirement can be computed directly, modelling that shell as a spherical pressure vessel, the strongest conceivable structural form. Using the observable radius R of approximately 4.4 times 10 to the 26 metres, the lowest physically meaningful external pressure (Earth's atmospheric pressure, 101,325 Pa, a deliberately conservative floor since any real external medium would exert far more), and the tensile strength of steel (4 times 10 to the 8 Pa, the strongest common structural material), the standard thin-walled pressure vessel formula t = P times R divided by 2 times sigma gives a required wall thickness of 5.9 times 10 to the 6 light years, nearly 6 million light years, equivalent to roughly 59 Milky Way diameters stacked edge to edge. At steel's density, the mass of that shell alone works out to approximately 10 to the 28 times the estimated mass of the entire observable universe it would be containing: ten thousand trillion trillion times more matter than everything inside the boundary combined. No physically possible material or structure can satisfy this requirement at any radius; using a larger or smaller radius changes the numbers but not the conclusion. And this calculation only accounts for a static universe. If the boundary were also required to keep pace with the standard model's own claimed expansion of space, an expansion BFUT treats as apparent, not physically real, that already-impossible shell would need to grow continuously thicker and more massive without limit, compounding an already absurd requirement indefinitely. A physical boundary to space is not merely unconfirmed. It is a structural impossibility by direct calculation [P5].

Source papers: P5

Previous Next argument Full article