Vijay Shankar Sharma
Vijay Shankar Sharma
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Part II
Type Ia supernovae are used as standard candles: their known intrinsic brightness lets their distance be inferred from how dim they appear, and comparing that distance to their redshift is how the apparent acceleration of cosmic expansion was originally inferred, credited as proof of dark energy. What this analysis does not automatically account for is that the observer measuring those supernovae is not stationary. The Sun, and with it the entire observed sample, moves at roughly 550 kilometres per second relative to the cosmic rest frame, in the direction fixed by the CMB dipole, a real, independently measured motion, not a hypothesis. A moving observer sees systematically different apparent brightness and redshift for supernovae ahead of that motion versus behind it, a directional bias distinct from any true isotropic acceleration. BFUT Paper 4 attributes the acceleration signal to exactly this bulk motion and tests the claim directly: a simulation control case with the bulk flow artificially set to zero returns a dipole significance below 0.5 sigma, consistent with no real directional effect, while restoring the actual measured 550 kilometres per second bulk flow velocity reproduces the 3.9-sigma directional bias identified in a peer-reviewed 2019 reanalysis of the supernova data directly, with no separate dark energy component required anywhere in the calculation [P4].
Source papers: P4