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Part II

33. The Standard Model Never Specifies Its Own Local-Exemption Limit

Both colliding galaxies and rotating large-scale structures are accommodated by the standard model through the same defence: gravitationally bound systems are treated as locally exempt from metric expansion. That defence has never been given a defined size limit. It is invoked wherever the data requires it, then left undefined everywhere else. Coherently rotating structures confirmed at the cluster and supercluster scale span several megaparsecs, far beyond any conventional definition of a single gravitationally bound local system such as the Local Group, yet the same exemption is extended to cover them without any stated boundary at which it should stop applying. A rule invoked exactly where needed and never specified elsewhere is not a physical limit derived from the model; it is drawn after the fact [P1, P9].

Source papers: P1, P9

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