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Part II

32. Colliding and Merging Galaxies Are Common, Not Anomalous

If the standard model's picture of nearly universal recession were the whole story, colliding galaxies should be a rare exception, not a common feature of the observed sky. They are not. Hubble alone has released 59 separate images of galaxies caught mid-collision, covering every stage of a merger from first tidal contact through final coalescence, and systematic deep-field surveys find between 5 and 25 percent of observed galaxies actively merging depending on survey method. Our own galaxy is a direct participant: the Milky Way is measurably approaching Andromeda and is expected to merge with it within a few billion years, a trajectory confirmed by direct blueshift measurement, not inference. BFUT requires no special exemption to account for this: gravitational sorting produces both recession and collision as outcomes of the same underlying dynamics, with no separate rule needed for each case [P1].

Source papers: P1

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