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Part II
The characteristic timescale for continuous stellar fusion to accumulate the observed CMB energy density, computed directly as energy density divided by cosmic luminosity density, is approximately 500 to 680 billion years. This purely thermodynamic clock, derived in Paper 7, converges on the same order of magnitude as the multi-hundred-billion-year rotation periods independently found for galaxy clusters and superclusters in Paper 9, mutual corroboration, not coincidence [P7, P9].
Source papers: P7, P9