Part I

8. A Genuine Physical Constant Does Not Get Revised by an Order of Magnitude

The speed of light has not been revised since it was first accurately measured. The Hubble constant, by contrast, has swung across nearly an entire order of magnitude since it was first proposed: approximately 500 km/s/Mpc (Hubble's original 1929 estimate), approximately 180 km/s/Mpc (a major mid-century downward revision), approximately 50 to 55 km/s/Mpc (the low point of the subsequent decades-long debate), 67 to 74 km/s/Mpc (the currently contested range depending on measurement method), and 63 ± 6 km/s/Mpc (a 2026 measurement using galaxy-group infall dynamics). At Hubble's original value the implied age of the universe is roughly 2.0 billion years, younger than the Earth itself. This instability is formally known as the Hubble Tension, a 4-to-6-sigma discrepancy between early-universe and late-universe measurement methods, and BFUT Paper 1 resolves it by deriving the Hubble relationship from gravitational sorting dynamics, the same selection mechanism already confirmed in the solar system's own transition from chaotic early orbits to today's aligned planets; it does not treat it as a fixed expansion rate at all [P1].

Source papers: P1

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